Optimal. Leaf size=377 \[ -\frac{1}{3 x^3}-\frac{1}{7 x^7}+\frac{1}{8} \sqrt{\frac{1}{3} \left (2+\sqrt{3}\right )} \log \left (x^2-\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}} x+1\right )-\frac{1}{8} \sqrt{\frac{1}{3} \left (2+\sqrt{3}\right )} \log \left (x^2+\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}} x+1\right )-\frac{1}{8} \sqrt{\frac{1}{3} \left (2-\sqrt{3}\right )} \log \left (x^2-\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}} x+1\right )+\frac{1}{8} \sqrt{\frac{1}{3} \left (2-\sqrt{3}\right )} \log \left (x^2+\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}} x+1\right )-\frac{1}{4} \sqrt{\frac{1}{3} \left (2-\sqrt{3}\right )} \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}}-2 x}{\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}}}\right )+\frac{1}{4} \sqrt{\frac{1}{3} \left (2+\sqrt{3}\right )} \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}}-2 x}{\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}}}\right )+\frac{1}{4} \sqrt{\frac{1}{3} \left (2-\sqrt{3}\right )} \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{2 x+\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}}}{\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}}}\right )-\frac{1}{4} \sqrt{\frac{1}{3} \left (2+\sqrt{3}\right )} \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{2 x+\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}}}{\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}}}\right ) \]
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Rubi [A] time = 0.286404, antiderivative size = 377, normalized size of antiderivative = 1., number of steps used = 22, number of rules used = 10, integrand size = 16, \(\frac{\text{number of rules}}{\text{integrand size}}\) = 0.625, Rules used = {1368, 1504, 12, 1373, 1127, 1161, 618, 204, 1164, 628} \[ -\frac{1}{3 x^3}-\frac{1}{7 x^7}+\frac{1}{8} \sqrt{\frac{1}{3} \left (2+\sqrt{3}\right )} \log \left (x^2-\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}} x+1\right )-\frac{1}{8} \sqrt{\frac{1}{3} \left (2+\sqrt{3}\right )} \log \left (x^2+\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}} x+1\right )-\frac{1}{8} \sqrt{\frac{1}{3} \left (2-\sqrt{3}\right )} \log \left (x^2-\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}} x+1\right )+\frac{1}{8} \sqrt{\frac{1}{3} \left (2-\sqrt{3}\right )} \log \left (x^2+\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}} x+1\right )-\frac{1}{4} \sqrt{\frac{1}{3} \left (2-\sqrt{3}\right )} \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}}-2 x}{\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}}}\right )+\frac{1}{4} \sqrt{\frac{1}{3} \left (2+\sqrt{3}\right )} \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}}-2 x}{\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}}}\right )+\frac{1}{4} \sqrt{\frac{1}{3} \left (2-\sqrt{3}\right )} \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{2 x+\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}}}{\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}}}\right )-\frac{1}{4} \sqrt{\frac{1}{3} \left (2+\sqrt{3}\right )} \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{2 x+\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}}}{\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}}}\right ) \]
Antiderivative was successfully verified.
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Rule 1368
Rule 1504
Rule 12
Rule 1373
Rule 1127
Rule 1161
Rule 618
Rule 204
Rule 1164
Rule 628
Rubi steps
\begin{align*} \int \frac{1}{x^8 \left (1-x^4+x^8\right )} \, dx &=-\frac{1}{7 x^7}+\frac{1}{7} \int \frac{7-7 x^4}{x^4 \left (1-x^4+x^8\right )} \, dx\\ &=-\frac{1}{7 x^7}-\frac{1}{3 x^3}-\frac{1}{21} \int \frac{21 x^4}{1-x^4+x^8} \, dx\\ &=-\frac{1}{7 x^7}-\frac{1}{3 x^3}-\int \frac{x^4}{1-x^4+x^8} \, dx\\ &=-\frac{1}{7 x^7}-\frac{1}{3 x^3}-\frac{\int \frac{x^2}{1-\sqrt{3} x^2+x^4} \, dx}{2 \sqrt{3}}+\frac{\int \frac{x^2}{1+\sqrt{3} x^2+x^4} \, dx}{2 \sqrt{3}}\\ &=-\frac{1}{7 x^7}-\frac{1}{3 x^3}+\frac{\int \frac{1-x^2}{1-\sqrt{3} x^2+x^4} \, dx}{4 \sqrt{3}}-\frac{\int \frac{1+x^2}{1-\sqrt{3} x^2+x^4} \, dx}{4 \sqrt{3}}-\frac{\int \frac{1-x^2}{1+\sqrt{3} x^2+x^4} \, dx}{4 \sqrt{3}}+\frac{\int \frac{1+x^2}{1+\sqrt{3} x^2+x^4} \, dx}{4 \sqrt{3}}\\ &=-\frac{1}{7 x^7}-\frac{1}{3 x^3}+\frac{\int \frac{1}{1-\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}} x+x^2} \, dx}{8 \sqrt{3}}+\frac{\int \frac{1}{1+\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}} x+x^2} \, dx}{8 \sqrt{3}}-\frac{\int \frac{1}{1-\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}} x+x^2} \, dx}{8 \sqrt{3}}-\frac{\int \frac{1}{1+\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}} x+x^2} \, dx}{8 \sqrt{3}}+\frac{\int \frac{\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}}+2 x}{-1-\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}} x-x^2} \, dx}{8 \sqrt{3 \left (2-\sqrt{3}\right )}}+\frac{\int \frac{\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}}-2 x}{-1+\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}} x-x^2} \, dx}{8 \sqrt{3 \left (2-\sqrt{3}\right )}}-\frac{\int \frac{\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}}+2 x}{-1-\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}} x-x^2} \, dx}{8 \sqrt{3 \left (2+\sqrt{3}\right )}}-\frac{\int \frac{\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}}-2 x}{-1+\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}} x-x^2} \, dx}{8 \sqrt{3 \left (2+\sqrt{3}\right )}}\\ &=-\frac{1}{7 x^7}-\frac{1}{3 x^3}+\frac{\log \left (1-\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}} x+x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt{3 \left (2-\sqrt{3}\right )}}-\frac{\log \left (1+\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}} x+x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt{3 \left (2-\sqrt{3}\right )}}-\frac{\log \left (1-\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}} x+x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt{3 \left (2+\sqrt{3}\right )}}+\frac{\log \left (1+\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}} x+x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt{3 \left (2+\sqrt{3}\right )}}-\frac{\operatorname{Subst}\left (\int \frac{1}{-2-\sqrt{3}-x^2} \, dx,x,-\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}}+2 x\right )}{4 \sqrt{3}}-\frac{\operatorname{Subst}\left (\int \frac{1}{-2-\sqrt{3}-x^2} \, dx,x,\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}}+2 x\right )}{4 \sqrt{3}}+\frac{\operatorname{Subst}\left (\int \frac{1}{-2+\sqrt{3}-x^2} \, dx,x,-\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}}+2 x\right )}{4 \sqrt{3}}+\frac{\operatorname{Subst}\left (\int \frac{1}{-2+\sqrt{3}-x^2} \, dx,x,\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}}+2 x\right )}{4 \sqrt{3}}\\ &=-\frac{1}{7 x^7}-\frac{1}{3 x^3}-\frac{\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}}-2 x}{\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}}}\right )}{4 \sqrt{3 \left (2+\sqrt{3}\right )}}+\frac{\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}}-2 x}{\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}}}\right )}{4 \sqrt{3 \left (2-\sqrt{3}\right )}}+\frac{\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}}+2 x}{\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}}}\right )}{4 \sqrt{3 \left (2+\sqrt{3}\right )}}-\frac{\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}}+2 x}{\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}}}\right )}{4 \sqrt{3 \left (2-\sqrt{3}\right )}}+\frac{\log \left (1-\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}} x+x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt{3 \left (2-\sqrt{3}\right )}}-\frac{\log \left (1+\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}} x+x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt{3 \left (2-\sqrt{3}\right )}}-\frac{\log \left (1-\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}} x+x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt{3 \left (2+\sqrt{3}\right )}}+\frac{\log \left (1+\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}} x+x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt{3 \left (2+\sqrt{3}\right )}}\\ \end{align*}
Mathematica [C] time = 0.0147045, size = 54, normalized size = 0.14 \[ -\frac{1}{4} \text{RootSum}\left [\text{$\#$1}^8-\text{$\#$1}^4+1\& ,\frac{\text{$\#$1} \log (x-\text{$\#$1})}{2 \text{$\#$1}^4-1}\& \right ]-\frac{1}{3 x^3}-\frac{1}{7 x^7} \]
Antiderivative was successfully verified.
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Maple [C] time = 0.01, size = 51, normalized size = 0.1 \begin{align*} -{\frac{1}{7\,{x}^{7}}}-{\frac{1}{3\,{x}^{3}}}-{\frac{1}{4}\sum _{{\it \_R}={\it RootOf} \left ({{\it \_Z}}^{8}-{{\it \_Z}}^{4}+1 \right ) }{\frac{{{\it \_R}}^{4}\ln \left ( x-{\it \_R} \right ) }{2\,{{\it \_R}}^{7}-{{\it \_R}}^{3}}}} \end{align*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Maxima [F] time = 0., size = 0, normalized size = 0. \begin{align*} -\frac{7 \, x^{4} + 3}{21 \, x^{7}} - \int \frac{x^{4}}{x^{8} - x^{4} + 1}\,{d x} \end{align*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Fricas [B] time = 1.75301, size = 1990, normalized size = 5.28 \begin{align*} \frac{56 \, \sqrt{6} \sqrt{2} x^{7} \sqrt{\sqrt{3} + 2} \arctan \left (-\frac{1}{3} \, \sqrt{6} \sqrt{3} \sqrt{2} x \sqrt{\sqrt{3} + 2} + \frac{1}{6} \, \sqrt{6} \sqrt{2} \sqrt{2 \, \sqrt{6} \sqrt{3} \sqrt{2} x \sqrt{\sqrt{3} + 2} + 12 \, x^{2} + 12} \sqrt{\sqrt{3} + 2} - \sqrt{3} - 2\right ) + 56 \, \sqrt{6} \sqrt{2} x^{7} \sqrt{\sqrt{3} + 2} \arctan \left (-\frac{1}{3} \, \sqrt{6} \sqrt{3} \sqrt{2} x \sqrt{\sqrt{3} + 2} + \frac{1}{6} \, \sqrt{6} \sqrt{2} \sqrt{-2 \, \sqrt{6} \sqrt{3} \sqrt{2} x \sqrt{\sqrt{3} + 2} + 12 \, x^{2} + 12} \sqrt{\sqrt{3} + 2} + \sqrt{3} + 2\right ) - 28 \, \sqrt{6} \sqrt{2} x^{7} \sqrt{-4 \, \sqrt{3} + 8} \arctan \left (-\frac{1}{6} \, \sqrt{6} \sqrt{3} \sqrt{2} x \sqrt{-4 \, \sqrt{3} + 8} + \frac{1}{12} \, \sqrt{6} \sqrt{2} \sqrt{\sqrt{6} \sqrt{3} \sqrt{2} x \sqrt{-4 \, \sqrt{3} + 8} + 12 \, x^{2} + 12} \sqrt{-4 \, \sqrt{3} + 8} + \sqrt{3} - 2\right ) - 28 \, \sqrt{6} \sqrt{2} x^{7} \sqrt{-4 \, \sqrt{3} + 8} \arctan \left (-\frac{1}{6} \, \sqrt{6} \sqrt{3} \sqrt{2} x \sqrt{-4 \, \sqrt{3} + 8} + \frac{1}{12} \, \sqrt{6} \sqrt{2} \sqrt{-\sqrt{6} \sqrt{3} \sqrt{2} x \sqrt{-4 \, \sqrt{3} + 8} + 12 \, x^{2} + 12} \sqrt{-4 \, \sqrt{3} + 8} - \sqrt{3} + 2\right ) - 224 \, x^{4} - 14 \, \sqrt{6}{\left (\sqrt{3} \sqrt{2} x^{7} - 2 \, \sqrt{2} x^{7}\right )} \sqrt{\sqrt{3} + 2} \log \left (2 \, \sqrt{6} \sqrt{3} \sqrt{2} x \sqrt{\sqrt{3} + 2} + 12 \, x^{2} + 12\right ) + 14 \, \sqrt{6}{\left (\sqrt{3} \sqrt{2} x^{7} - 2 \, \sqrt{2} x^{7}\right )} \sqrt{\sqrt{3} + 2} \log \left (-2 \, \sqrt{6} \sqrt{3} \sqrt{2} x \sqrt{\sqrt{3} + 2} + 12 \, x^{2} + 12\right ) - 7 \, \sqrt{6}{\left (\sqrt{3} \sqrt{2} x^{7} + 2 \, \sqrt{2} x^{7}\right )} \sqrt{-4 \, \sqrt{3} + 8} \log \left (\sqrt{6} \sqrt{3} \sqrt{2} x \sqrt{-4 \, \sqrt{3} + 8} + 12 \, x^{2} + 12\right ) + 7 \, \sqrt{6}{\left (\sqrt{3} \sqrt{2} x^{7} + 2 \, \sqrt{2} x^{7}\right )} \sqrt{-4 \, \sqrt{3} + 8} \log \left (-\sqrt{6} \sqrt{3} \sqrt{2} x \sqrt{-4 \, \sqrt{3} + 8} + 12 \, x^{2} + 12\right ) - 96}{672 \, x^{7}} \end{align*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Sympy [A] time = 1.37798, size = 36, normalized size = 0.1 \begin{align*} \operatorname{RootSum}{\left (5308416 t^{8} - 2304 t^{4} + 1, \left ( t \mapsto t \log{\left (18432 t^{5} - 4 t + x \right )} \right )\right )} - \frac{7 x^{4} + 3}{21 x^{7}} \end{align*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Giac [A] time = 1.16812, size = 358, normalized size = 0.95 \begin{align*} -\frac{1}{24} \,{\left (\sqrt{6} - 3 \, \sqrt{2}\right )} \arctan \left (\frac{4 \, x + \sqrt{6} - \sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{6} + \sqrt{2}}\right ) - \frac{1}{24} \,{\left (\sqrt{6} - 3 \, \sqrt{2}\right )} \arctan \left (\frac{4 \, x - \sqrt{6} + \sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{6} + \sqrt{2}}\right ) - \frac{1}{24} \,{\left (\sqrt{6} + 3 \, \sqrt{2}\right )} \arctan \left (\frac{4 \, x + \sqrt{6} + \sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{6} - \sqrt{2}}\right ) - \frac{1}{24} \,{\left (\sqrt{6} + 3 \, \sqrt{2}\right )} \arctan \left (\frac{4 \, x - \sqrt{6} - \sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{6} - \sqrt{2}}\right ) - \frac{1}{48} \,{\left (\sqrt{6} - 3 \, \sqrt{2}\right )} \log \left (x^{2} + \frac{1}{2} \, x{\left (\sqrt{6} + \sqrt{2}\right )} + 1\right ) + \frac{1}{48} \,{\left (\sqrt{6} - 3 \, \sqrt{2}\right )} \log \left (x^{2} - \frac{1}{2} \, x{\left (\sqrt{6} + \sqrt{2}\right )} + 1\right ) - \frac{1}{48} \,{\left (\sqrt{6} + 3 \, \sqrt{2}\right )} \log \left (x^{2} + \frac{1}{2} \, x{\left (\sqrt{6} - \sqrt{2}\right )} + 1\right ) + \frac{1}{48} \,{\left (\sqrt{6} + 3 \, \sqrt{2}\right )} \log \left (x^{2} - \frac{1}{2} \, x{\left (\sqrt{6} - \sqrt{2}\right )} + 1\right ) - \frac{7 \, x^{4} + 3}{21 \, x^{7}} \end{align*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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